“The Effect of Chemical Composition on Sintering Process and Microstructural, Mechanical, and Biological Properties of Hydroxyapatite/Borate Glass Composites”

Document Type : Original Articles

Authors

• Zeinab Ebrahimi Kahoo ¹
• Negar Akrami ¹
• Mehrnoosh Ghanad ¹
• Simin Nazarnezhad ²
• Saeid Kargozar ³
• sahar mollazadeh ¹

¹ Department of materials and metallurgy engineering/ faculty of engineering/ Ferdowsi university of Mashhad/ Mashhad/ Iran.

² Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.

³ Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

10.22067/jmme.2022.73523.1032

Abstract

In this study, the solution combustion method was used to synthesize a bioactive borate compound. XRD, FTIR, PSA analyses have been used to identify phase composition, bond determination, and particle size, respectively. In addition, MTT and cell migration assay were utilized to measure the biocompatibility of the particles. The synthesized particles not only were nano in size along with amorphous structure, but also showed positive effects on cell proliferation and migration. To attain bioactive compositional scaffolds, the borate amorphous compound was combined with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles at different weight percentages. Afterward, mixtures were sintered at 600, 650, and 700 oC for 0.5 and 1 h. XRD and DTS analyses were operated to evaluate the phase composition and mechanical strength. FESEM micrograph was evaluated to observe the crack path in addition to porosity and the effect of borate glass on the sintering process. The sample sintered at 700 oC for 1h containing 20% borate glass and 80% of hydroxyapatite, accounted for the highest mechanical strength at 4.87 ± 0.02 MPa. ICP-OES analysis of the sample containing 20% hydroxyapatite, which was sintered at 700 oC for 1 h, showed an increase in ion release compared to pure sintered hydroxyapatite after immersing in SBF for 7 days. Also, ion release of the borate glass has considerably been controlled and diminished by virtue of combining and sintering with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Furthermore, the mentioned composition is able to bond with soft tissue as well as hard tissue.

Keywords

• hydroxyapatite
• bioactive glass
• borate glass
• sintering
• scaffold
• composite
• nanoparticle
• tensile strength
• ion release

20.1001.1.20087462.1401.33.2.8.8

Main Subjects

• Biomaterials

---

References

1. Zhao, S., et al., "Wound dressings composed of copper-doped borate bioactive glass microfibers stimulate angiogenesis and heal full-thickness skin defects in a rodent model", Biomaterials, Vol. 53, pp. 379-391, (2015).
2. Rizwan, M., Hamdi, M., Basirun, W. J., Kondoh, K., and Umeda, J., "Low pressure spark plasma sintered hydroxyapatite and Bioglass® composite scaffolds for bone tissue repair", Ceramics International, Vol. 44, pp. 23052-23062, No. 18, (2018).
3. Bellucci, D., et al., "Bioglass and bioceramic composites processed by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS): Biological evaluation Versus SBF test", Biomedical Glasses, Vol. 4, pp. 21-31, No. 1, (2018).
4. Canillas, M., Pena, P., De Aza, A. H., and Rodríguez, M. A., "Calcium phosphates for biomedical applications", Boletin de la Sociedad Espanola de Ceramica y Vidrio, Vol. 56, pp. 91-112, No. 3. (2017).
5. Yaszemski, M. J., Payne, R. G., Hayes, W. C., Langer, R., and Mikos, A. G., "Evolution of bone transplantation: Molecular, cellular and tissue strategies to engineer human bone", Biomaterials, Vol. 17, pp. 175-185, No. 2, (1996).
6. Spivak, J. M., and Hasharoni, A., "Use of hydroxyapatite in spine surgery", European Spine Journal, Vol. 10, pp. S197-S204, No. SUPPL. 2, (2001).
7. Bellucci, D., Desogus, L., Montinaro, S., Orrù, R., Cao, G., and Cannillo, V., "Innovative hydroxyapatite/bioactive glass composites processed by spark plasma sintering for bone tissue repair", J Eur Ceram Soc, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 1723-1733, (2017).
8. Burg, K. J. L., Porter, S., and Kellam, J. F., "Biomaterial developments for bone tissue engineering", Biomaterials, Vol. 21, No. 23, pp. 2347-2359, (2000).
9. Mollazadeh, S., Javadpour, J., and Khavandi, A., "In situ synthesis and characterization of nano-size hydroxyapatite in poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix", Ceramics International, Vol. 33, No. 8, pp. 1579-1583, (2007).
10. Tampieri, A., Celotti, G., Szontagh, F., and Landi, E., "Sintering and characterization of HA and TCP bioceramics with control of their strength and phase purity", Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 29-37, (1997).
11. Bellucci, D., Sola, A., and Cannillo, V., "Hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate composites with bioactive glass as second phase: State of the art and current applications", Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part A, Vol. 104, No. 4, pp. 1030-1056, (2016).
12. Liao, C. J., Lin, F. H., Chen, K. S., and Sun, J. S., "Thermal decomposition and reconstitution of hydroxyapatite in air atmosphere", Biomaterials, Vol. 20, No. 19, pp. 1807-1813, (1999).
13. Liu, Y., and Shen, Z., "Dehydroxylation of hydroxyapatite in dense bulk ceramics sintered by spark plasma sintering", J Eur Ceram Soc, Vol. 32, No. 11, pp. 2691-2696, (2012).
14. Gerhardt, L. C., and Boccaccini, A. R., "Bioactive glass and glass-ceramic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering", Materials, Vol. 3, No. 7, pp. 3867-3910, (2010).
15. Hench, L. L., "The story of Bioglass®", in Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 11, pp. 967-978, (2006).
16. Schuhladen, K., Wang, X., Hupa, L., and Boccaccini, A. R., "Dissolution of borate and borosilicate bioactive glasses and the influence of ion (Zn, Cu) doping in different solutions", Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 502, pp. 22-34, (2018).
17. Brown, R. F., et al., "Effect of borate glass composition on its conversion to hydroxyapatite and on the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells", Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part A, Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 392-400, (2009).
18. Zhou, J., et al., "In vivo and in vitro studies of borate based glass micro-fibers for dermal repairing", Materials Science and Engineering C, Vol. 60, pp. 437-445, (2016).
19. Huang, W., Day, D. E., Kittiratanapiboon, K., and Rahaman, M. N., "Kinetics and mechanisms of the conversion of silicate (45S5), borate, and borosilicate glasses to hydroxyapatite in dilute phosphate solutions", Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 583–596, (2006).
20. Balasubramanian, P., Hupa, L., Jokic, B., Detsch, R., Grünewald, A., and Boccaccini, A. R., "Angiogenic potential of boron-containing bioactive glasses: in vitro study", Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 52, No. 15, pp. 8785-8792, (2017).
21. Balasubramanian, P., et al., "Ion Release, Hydroxyapatite Conversion, and Cytotoxicity of Boron-Containing Bioactive Glass Scaffolds", International Journal of Applied Glass Science, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 206-215, (2016).
22. Guo, X., Xiao, P., Liu, J., and Shen, Z., "Fabrication of nanostructured hydroxyapatite via hydrothermal synthesis and spark plasma sintering", Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 88, No. 4, pp. 1026–1029, (2005).
23. Ali, A., et al., "Studies on effect of CuO addition on mechanical properties and in vitro cytocompatibility in 1393 bioactive glass scaffold", Materials Science and Engineering C, Vol. 93, pp. 341-355, (2018).
24. Zaytsev, D., and Panfilov, P., "Deformation behavior of human enamel under diametral compression", Materials Letters, Vol. 136, pp. 130-132, (2014).
25. Horabik, J., Wiącek, J., Parafiniuk, P., Stasiak, P., Bańda, M., and Molenda, M., "Tensile strength of pressure-agglomerated potato starch determined via diametral compression test: Discrete element method simulations and experiments", Biosystems Engineering, Vol. 183, pp. 95-109, (2019).
26. Barfi Sistani, P., Mollazadeh Beidokhti, S., and Kiani-Rashid, A., "Crystallization Behavior and Mechanical Properties of In-situ Alumina-Zirconia Composite Bodies", Advanced Ceramics Progress, Vol. 4, No. Issue 3-4, pp. 36–42, (2018).
27. Kermani, F., Gharavian, A., Mollazadeh, A., Kargozar, S., Youssefi, A., and Vahdati Khaki, J., "Silicon-doped calcium phosphates; the critical effect of synthesis routes on the biological performance", Materials Science and Engineering C, Vol. 111, pp. 110828, (2020).
28. Kokubo, T., and Takadama, H., "How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity?", Biomaterials, Vol. 27, No. 15, pp. 2907-2915, (2006).
29. "CRC handbook of chemistry and physics: 1st student edition: Editor-in-chief: R C Weast. CRC Press, Inc, Boca Raton, Florida and Wolfe Medical Publications, London. 1988. £19.95 ISBN 0-8493-0740-6", Biochemical Education, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 103, (1989).
30. Kumar, V., Manhas, M., Bedyal, A. K., and Swart, H. C., "Synthesis, spectral and surface investigation of novel CaMgB2O5:Dy3+ nanophosphor for UV based white LEDs", Materials Research Bulletin, Vol. 91, pp. 140-147, (2017).
31. Deliormanli, A. M., "In vitro assessment of degradation and mineralisation of V2O5 substituted borate bioactive glass scaffolds", Materials Technology, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 358–365, Nov. (2014).
32. Jung, S., "Borate Based Bioactive Glass Scaffolds for Hard and Soft Tissue Engineering", (2010).
33. Kermani, F., Mollazadeh, S., Kargozar, S., and Vahdati Khakhi, J., "Solution combustion synthesis (SCS) of theranostic ions doped biphasic calcium phosphates; kinetic of ions release in simulated body fluid (SBF) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation", Materials Science and Engineering C, Vol. 118, pp. 111533, (2021).
34. Gu, Y., Xiao, W., Lu, L., Huang, W., Rahaman, M. N., and Wang, D., "Kinetics and mechanisms of converting bioactive borate glasses to hydroxyapatite in aqueous phosphate solution", Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 47-54, (2011).
35. Hu Y., and Miao, X., "Comparison of hydroxyapatite ceramics and hydroxyapatite/borosilicate glass composites prepared by slip casting", in Ceramics International, Vol. 30, No. 7, pp. 1787-1791, (2004).
36. Rekhi, S., Saxena, S. K., Atlas, Z. D., and Hu, J., "Effect of particle size on the compressibility of MgO", Solid State Communications, Vol. 117, No. 1, pp. 33-36, (2000).
37. Gu, Y., Huang, W., Rahaman, M. N., and Day, D. E., "Bone regeneration in rat calvarial defects implanted with fibrous scaffolds composed of a mixture of silicate and borate bioactive glasses", Acta Biomaterialia, Vol. 9, No. 11, pp. 9126-9136, (2013).
38. Paupler, P., "G. E. Dieter. Mechanical Metallurgy. 3rd ed., Mc Graw-Hill Book Co., New York 1986. XXIII + 751 p., DM 138.50, ISBN 0–07–016893–8", Crystal Research and Technology, Vol. 23, No. 2, Chap. 8, (1988).
39. Haghighi, F. D., Beidokhti, S. M., Najaran, Z. T., and Sahebian Saghi, S., "Highly improved biological and mechanical features of bioglass-ceramic/ gelatin composite scaffolds using a novel silica coverage", Ceramics International, Vol. 47, No. 10, pp. 14048-14061, (2021).
40. Liu, X., Rahaman, M. N., and Day, D. E., "Conversion of melt-derived microfibrous borate (13-93B3) and silicate (45S5) bioactive glass in a simulated body fluid", Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 583-595, (2013).
41. Gu, Y. W., Khor, K. A., and Cheang, P., "Bone-like apatite layer formation on hydroxyapatite prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS)", Biomaterials, Vol. 25, No. 18, pp. 4127-4134, (2004).
42. Fathi, M. H., Hanifi, A., and Mortazavi, V., "Preparation and bioactivity evaluation of bone-like hydroxyapatite nanopowder", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 202, No. 1–3, pp. 536–542, (2008)