Comparison on Porosity Percent, Microstructure and Compression Behavior of Steel Foams Containing 2 wt. % Cu and 2 wt. % P

Document Type : Original Articles

Authors

1 Quchan University of Advanced Technology

2 ferdowsi

Abstract

In this work, the effects of addition of 2 wt. % Cu and 2 wt. % P on the porosity percent, microstructure, and mechanical properties of 0.5 wt. % C steel foams manufactured by powder metallurgy through urea granulates as space holder were separately investigated. After manufacturing steel foams, determination of porosity percent by dimensional measurement, microstructural evaluation through optical and scanning electron microscopes, and investigation of mechanical behavior by compression test were conducted. The average of porosity percent in steel foams with Cu and P are 75 and 80 percent, respectively. In microscopic evaluations, two types of cells were observed that consisted of the solved urea cells and pores in the cells walls. In addition, the thickness of the cells walls was approximately measured from 90 to 102 micron. In the compressive stress vs. strain curves of Cu and P added steel foams, a long plateau region was observed. It is noteworthy that plateau region in the P added steel foams was as teeth-saw shape that related to the fracture of cells walls.

Keywords


[1] Banhart J. Manufacture, characterization and application of cellular metals and metal foams. Prog Mater Sci 2001;46:559–632.
[2] M.F. Ashby, A.G. Evans, N.A. Fleck, L.J. Gibson, J.W. Hutchinson and H.N.G. Wadley, Metal Foams: A Design Guide, Butterworth–Heinemann, Massachusetts, 2000.
[3] H. P. Degischer, B. Kriszt, Handbook of Cellular Metals, Production, Processing and Applications, Wiley–VCH/Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, Germany, 2002.
[4] Song Hong-Wei, Fan Zi-Jie, Gang Yu, Wang Qing-Chun, Tobota A. Partition energy absorption of axially crushed aluminum foam-filled hat sections. Int J Solids Struct 2005;42:2575–600.
[5] Motz, Pippan R. ‘Deformation behaviour of closed-cell aluminium foams in tension’. Acta Mater 2001;49:2463–70.
[6] Park C, Nutt SR. PM synthesis and properties of steel foams. Mater Sci Eng A 2000;288(1):111–8.
[7] Smith BH, Szyniszewski S, Hajjar JF, Schafer BW, Arwade SR. Steel foam for structures: a review of applications, manufacturing and material properties. J Constr Steel Res 2011;71:1–10.
[8] Park C, R Nutt S. Effects of process parameters on steel foam synthesis. Mater Sci Eng: A 2001;297(1–2):62–8.
[9] Muriel J, Sanchez Roa A, Barona Mercado W, Sanchez Sthepa H. Steel and gray iron foam by powder metallurgical synthesis. Supl Rev Latinoam Metal Mater 2009;S1(4):1435–40.
[10] Park C, Nutt SR. Anisotropy and strain localization in steel foam. Mater Sci Eng A 2001;A299(1–2):68–74.
[11] Park C, Nutt SR. Strain rate sensitivity and defects in steel foam. Mater Sci Eng A 2002;A323:358–66.
[12] Muriel J, Sanchez Roa A, Barona Mercado W, Sanchez Sthepa H. Steel and gray iron foam by powder metallurgical synthesis. Supl Rev Latinoam Metal Mater 2009;S1 (4):1435–40.
[13] Park C, Nutt SR. Anisotropy and strain localization in steel foam. Mater Sci Eng A 2001;A299:68–74.
[14] Park C, Nutt SR. Strain rate sensitivity and defects in steel foam. Mater Sci Eng A 2002;A323:358–66.
[15] Park C, Nutt SR. PM synthesis and properties of steel foams. Mater Sci Eng A 2000; A288:111–8.
[16] Friedl O, Motz C, Peterlik H, Puchegger S, Reger N, Pippan R. Experimental investigation of mechanical properties of metallic hollow sphere structures. Metall Mater Trans B 2007;39(1):135–46.
[17] Brown JA, Vendra LJ, Rabiei A. Bending properties of Al–steel and steel–steel composite metal foams. Metall Mater Trans A 1 July 2010 Online.
[18] Neville BP, Rabiei A. Composite metal foams processed through powder metallurgy. Mater Des 2008;29:388–96.
[19] Friedl O, Motz C, Peterlik H, Puchegger S, Reger N, Pippan R. Experimental investigation of mechanical properties of metallic hollow sphere structures. Metall Mater Trans B 2007;39(1):135–46.
[20] Rabiei A, Vendra LJ. A comparison of composite metal foam's properties and other comparable metal foams. Mater Lett 2009;63:533–6.
[21] Hyun S-K, Park J-S, Tane M, Nakajima H. Fabrication of lotus-type porous metals by continuous zone melting and continuous casting techniques. MetFoam 2005: 4th International Conference on Porous Metals and Metal Foaming Technology. Japan Institute of Metals (JIMIC-4), 2005; 21–23 September 2005. Kyoto, Japan.
[22] Ikeda T, Aoki T, Nakajima H. Fabrication of lotus-type porous stainless steel by continuous zone melting technique and mechanical property. Metall Mater Trans A 2007;36A:77–86.
[23] Verdooren A, Chan HM, Grenestedt JL, Harmer MP, Caram HS. Fabrication of low density ferrous metallic foams by reduction of ceramic foam precursors. J Mater Sci 2005;40:4333–9.
[24] Verdooren A, Chan HM, Grenestedt JL, Harmer MP, Caram HS. Fabrication of low density ferrous metallic foams by reduction of chemically bonded ceramic foams. J Am Ceram Soc 2005;89(10):3101–6.
[25] Tuchinsky L. Novel fabrication technology for metal foams. J Adv Mater 2005;37 (3):60–5.
[26] Kostornov AG, Kirichenko OV, Brodnikovskii NP, Guslienko YA, Klimenko VN. High-porous materials made from alloy steel fibers: production, structure, and mechanical properties. Powder Metall Metal Ceram 2008;47(5–6):295–8.
[27] R. Surace, L.A.C. De Filippis, A.D. Ludovico, G. Boghetich, Influence of processing parameters on aluminium foam produced by space holder technique, Mater Des, vol. 30, 2009, pp: 1878–1885.
[28] N.Q. Zhao, B. Jiang, X.W. Du, J.J. Li, C.S. Shi, W.X. Zhao, Effect of Y2O3 on the mechanical properties of open cell aluminum foams, Mater Lett, vol. 60, 2006, pp: 1665 – 1668.
[29] D.X. Sun, Y.Y. Zhao, Phase changes in sintering of Al/Mg/NaCl compacts for manufacturing Al foams by the sintering and dissolution process, Mater Lett, vol. 59, 2005, pp: 6– 10.
[30] N. Michailidis, F. Stergioudi, A. Tsouknidas, E. Pavlidou, Compressive response of Al-foams produced via a powder sintering process based on a leachable space-holder material, Mater Sci Eng A, vol. 528, 2011, pp: 1662–1667.
[31] A. Hassani, A. Habibolahzadeh, H. Bafti, Production of graded aluminum foams via powder space holder technique, Mater Des, vol. 40, 2012, pp: 510–515.
[32] M. Alizadeh, M. Mirzaei-Aliabadi, Compressive properties and energy absorption behavior of Al–Al 2 O 3 composite foam synthesized by space-holder technique, Mater Des, vol. 35, 2012, pp: 419–424.
[33] H. Bafti, A. Habibolahzadeh, Production of aluminum foam by spherical carbamide space holder technique-processing parameters, Mater Des, vol. 31, 2010, pp: 4122–4129.
[34] T. Shimizu, K. Matsuzaki, H. Nagai, N. Kanetake, Production of high porosity metal foams using EPS beads as space holders, Mater Sci Eng A, vol. 558, 2012, pp: 343–348.
[35] N. Bekoz, E. Oktay, Effects of carbamide shape and content on processing and properties of steel foams, J Mater Proc Technol, vol. 212, 2012, pp: 2109–2116.
[36] I. Ahmed, Z. Faming, O. Eileen, B. Eberhard, Processing of porous Ti and Ti5Mn foams by spark plasma sintering, Mater. Des. 32 (2011) 146–153.
[37] D.P. Mondal, Hemant Jain, S. Das, A.K. Jha, Stainless steel foams made through powder metallurgy route using NH4HCO3 as space holder, Materials and Design 88 (2015) 430–437.
[38] M. Ilven, O. Enve, Influence of fluoride content of artificial saliva metal release from 17 to 4 PH stainless steel foam for dental implant applications, J Mater Sci Tech 29 (6) (2013) 582–588.
[39] L. Peroni, M. Scapin, C. Fichera, D. Lehmbus, J. Weise, J. Baumeister, M. Avall, Investigation of the mechanical behaviour of AISI 316L stainless steel syntactic foams at different strain-rates, Compos. Parts B 66 (2014) 430–442.
[40] G.M. Hossein, E.-K. Reza, T. Omid, T. Hamid, Fabrication and evaluation of oxidation resistance performance of open-celled Fe(Al) foam by space-holder technique, Adv Powder Tech 25 (2014) 960–967.
[41] J. Jakubowicz, G. Admek, M. Dewidar, Titanium foam made with saccharose as space holder, J. Porous. Mater. 20 (2013) 1134–1141.
[42] M. Ilven, O. Enver, Production and characterization of Cr–Si–Ni–Mo steel foams, In J Eng Mater Sci 18 (2011) 227–232.
[43] N. Bekoz and E. Oktay, Effects of carbamide shape and content on processing and properties of steel Foams, J. Mater. Proc. Tech., vol. 212, pp. 2109– 2116, 2012.
[44] A.K. Shaik dawood, S.S. Mohamed Nazirudeen, A Development of Technology for Making Porous Metal Foams Castings, Jordan J Mech Indus Eng, vol. 4. 2010, pp: 292 – 299.
[45] W.D. Wong-Angel, L. Tellez-Jurado, J.F. Chavez-Alcala, E. Chavira-Martinez, V.F. Verduzco-Cedeno, Effect of copper on the mechanical properties of alloys formed by powder metallurgy, Mater Des, vol. 58, 2014, pp: 12–18.
[46] A. Simchi, Effect of C and Cu addition on the densification and microstructure of iron powder in direct laser sintering process, Mater Lett, vol. 62, 2008, pp: 2840–2843.
[47] V. N. Antsiferov, A. A. Shatsov, S. A. Oglezneva, Structure and properties of powder metallurgy phosphorous steels, Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics, 1999, Volume 38, Issue 3, pp 162–165.
[48] B. K. Datta, Powder Metallurgy: An Advanced Technique of Processing Engineering Materials, PHI Learning, 2013.
CAPTCHA Image