Investigating the Mechanical Strength and Degradation of Bone Scaffold Fabricated from Hydroxyapatite and Polyurethane Foam

Document Type : Original Articles

Authors

• Mehdi Javidi ¹
• Ali Jolagah ²

¹ Shiraz Pniversity

² Shiraz University

10.22067/ma.v0i29.44869

Abstract

The fabrication and characterization of bone scaffold which was produced from hydroxyapatite and polyurethane foam were investigated. Thermal and mechanical properties of the scaffolds were studied via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and compression test and thermogravimetry technique. Also, hardness test, three-point bending and investigation of biological behavior were employed. The fabricated scaffolds showed high compressive strength with favorable percentage of porosity. Thus, it might be concluded that the polymer foam fabrication technique can be appropriate for producing bone scaffolds. By increasing the weight percentage of hydroxyapatite from 45 to 65, the density of the scaffold increased from 1.37 to 1.57 g/cm3 and compressive strength increased from 0.82 to 1.7 MPa while the porosity decreased from 57.8 to 34.39.

Keywords

• scaffold
• Polyvinyl alcohol
• Hydroxyapatite
• Biodegradability
• Bioactivity
• Polyurethane Foam

---

References

1- ربیعی م.، اعظمی، بنکدارش،" کاربرد پلیمرها در پزشکی،"انتشارات دانشگاه صنعتی امیرکبیر، (1387).

2- Jeffrey O., Einhorn T., Doll B., Charles S., "Bone Tissue Engineering", CRC Press, pp. 54-55, (2005).

3- Hing K.A., Best S.M., Bonefield W.," Characterization of porous hydroxyapatite", Journal of Material Science,Vol. 10, pp. 135-145, (1999).

4- Sikavitsas V., Temenoff J., Mikos A., "Biomaterial and bon mechano transduction", Biomaterial, Vol. 22, pp. 2581-2593, (2001).

5- Groeneveld E.H., Van den Bergh J.P., Holzmann P., Bruggenkate C.M., Tuinzing D.B., Burger E.H., "Mineralization processes in de-mineralized bone matrix grafts in human maxillary sinus floor elevations", Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 393–402, (1999).

6- Hulbert S.F., Young F.A., Mathews R.S., Klawitter J.J., Talbert C.D., Stelling F.H., “Potential of ceramic materials as permanently implantable skeletal prostheses", Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 433-456, (1970).

7- Leon C.A., "New perspectives in mercury porosimetry", Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 76-77, pp. 341-372, (1998).

8- Itala A.I ., Ylanen H.O., Ekholm C., Karlsson K.H., Aro H.T., "Pore diameter of more than 100 micron is not requisite for bone ingrowth in rabbits", Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Vol. 58, No. 6, pp. 679–683, (2001).

9- Burg K.J.L., Porter S.T., Kellam J.F.," Developments for bone tissue engineering", Biomaterials, Vol. 21, pp. 2347-2359, (2000).

10-Suchanek W., Yoshimura M., "Processing and properties of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials for use as hard tissue replacement implants", Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 13, pp. 94-117, (1998).

11- Arita H., Castono V.M., Wilkinson D.S., "Synthesis and processing of hydroxyapatite ceramic tapes with controlled porosity", Journal of MaterialScience, Vol. 6, pp. 19-23, (1995).

12- Hench L., "Bioceramics: from concept to clinic", Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 74, No. 7, pp. 1487-1510, (1991).

13- Sopyan I., Mel M., Ramesh S., "Porous hydroxyapatite for artificial bone applications", Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, Vol. 8, pp. 116-123, (2007).

14- Queiroz A.C., Teixeira S., Santos J.D., Monteiro F.J., "Production of porous hydroxyapatite with potential for controlled drug delivery", Advanced Materials Forum, Vol. 455–456, pp. 358–360, (2004).

15- Swain S.K., Sarkar D., Bhattacharyya S., "Preparation of porous scaffold from hydroxyapatite powders", Materials Science and Engineering C, Vol. 31, pp. 1240-1244, (2011).

16- Teixeira S., Rodriguez M.A., Pena P., De Aza A.H., De Aza, S., Ferraz M.P., Monteiro F.J., "Physical characterization of hydroxyapatite porous scaffolds for tissue engineering", Materials Science and Engineering C, Vol. 29, pp. 1510-1514, (2009).

17-Hassna R., Ramay R., "Biphasic calcium phosphate nanocomposite porous scaffolds for load-bearing bone tissue engineering", Journal Biomaterial, Vol. 25, pp. 5171–5180, (2003).

18-Bahrololoom M.E., Javidi M., Javadpour S., Ma J., "Characterisation of natural hydroxyapatite extracted from bovine cortical bone ash", Journal of Ceramic Processing Research, Vol. 10, pp.129-138, (2009).

19- El-Kady A.M., Saad E.A., "Synthesis of silicate glass/poly(L-lactide) composite scaffolds by freeze-extraction technique: Characterization and in vitro bioactivity evaluation", Ceramics International, Vol. 36, pp. 995-1009, (2010).

20- Kim H., Nirmala R., Navamathavan R., "Hydroxyapatite Mineralization on the Calcium Chloride Blended Polyurethane Nanofiber via Biomimetic Method", Nanoscale Research Letters, Vol. 6, pp.1-8, (2011).

21-Soon-Ho K., Youn-Ki J., Seong-Hyeon H., In-Seop L., Hyoun-He K., Ye Yeon W., "Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics with Various Porosities and Dissolution Rates", Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 85, pp. 3129–3131, (2002).

22- Kaewsrichan J., Kaewsichan L., Riyapan D., Prommajan P., "Effects of sintering temperatures on micro-morphology, mechanical properties, and bioactivity of bone scaffolds containing calcium silicate", Journal of the Science Asia, Vol. 37, pp. 240-246, (2011).

23- Hench L., Wilson J., "An introduction to bioceramics", World scientific, Singapore, pp. 1-24, (1993).

24- Xu L., Xiong Z., Yang D., Zhang L.F., Chang J., Xiong C.D., "Preparation and in vitro degradation of novel bioactive polylactide/wollastonite scaffolds", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 114, pp. 3396-3406, (2009).

25- Martinez A.B., Carbajal J., Moller A., Esparza H.E., Espinosa M.A., "Study of bioactivity, biodegradability and mechanical properties of polyurethane/nano-hydroxyapatite hybrid composites", Journal of the Physical Sciences, Vol. 6, pp. 6681-6691, (2011).