مروری بر باتریهای لیتیومی و بازیافت آنها به روش های هیدرومتالورژیکی و پیرومتالورژیکی

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

ندا امامی ¹

داود مرادخانی ¹

میلاد قربان زاده ²

¹ دانشکده مهندسی، مهندسی مواد و متالورژی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان ، ایران.

² گروه علوم و مهندسی مواد، دانشگاه صنعتی شریف،

10.22067/jmme.2025.91217.1173

چکیده

امروزه با توجه به پیشرفت‌های روز افزون صنعت و تکنولوژی تقاضای صنایع مختلف برای مصرف انرژی نیز بیشتر شده است. یکی از مهم‌ترین منابع انرژی، انرژی الکتریسیته یا برق می‌باشد. باتری‌ها یا منابع برق سیار یکی از مهم‌ترین منابع انرژی می‌باشند و نقش بسیار مهمی در انتقال انرژی برعهده دارند. یکی از مهم‌ترین باتری‌های موجود در صنعت از زیرگروه باتری‌های قابل شارژ (ثانویه)، باتری لیتیومی (لیتیوم-یون) نام دارد. این نوع باتری‌ها کاربرد‌های گسترده‌ای در زمینه‌های مختلف دارند. در آینده نزدیک پیش‌بینی می‌شود که، استفاده از این فناوری‌ها برای ذخیره‌سازی انرژی در خودروها و منابع انرژی تجدیدپذیر، باعث افزایش قابل توجه مصرف باتری‌های لیتیومی شود. با پیشرفت سطح علمی و پیشرفت مستمر جامعه بشری، تلفن همراه، رایانه، وسایل نقلیه الکتریکی به نیازهای ضروری روزمره تبدیل شده است و مشکلات کاهش انرژی و آلودگی محیط زیست بیش از پیش برجسته می‌شود. با توجه به کمبود منابع طبیعی تولید لیتیوم و سایر عناصر مهم تشکیل دهنده‌ی باتری‌ها مبحث بازگردانی عناصر استفاده شده در باتری‌ها و بازیافت باتری‌های مصرف‌شده بسیار حائز اهمیت است. عموما روش‌های مرسوم بازیافت باتری‌های لیتیومی شامل دو نوع فیزیکی و شیمیایی می‌باشد. در این پژوهش، روش‌های شیمیایی شامل فرآیندهای هیدرومتالورژیکی و پیرومتالورژیکی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته‌اند. با مطالعه‌ی مقالات و منابع معتبر، تلاش شده است تا علاوه بر معرفی انواع باتری‌ها، فرآیندهای بازیافت و بازیابی باتری‌های لیتیومی نیز تحلیل شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

بازیافت

باتری لیتیوم-یون

هیدرومتالورژی

پیرومتالورژی

باتری‌لیتیومی مستعمل

موضوعات

• متالورژی استخراجی

---

عنوان مقاله English

An overview of lithium batteries and their recycling by hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical methods

نویسندگان English

neda emami ¹

Davod Moradkhani ¹

Milad Ghorbanzadeh ²

¹ Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.

² Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده English

Today, due to the increasing advances in industry and technology, the demand for energy consumption by various industries has also increased. One of the most important energy sources is electricity. Batteries or portable power sources are one of the most important energy sources and play a very important role in energy transfer. One of the most important batteries in the industry, from the subgroup of rechargeable (secondary) batteries, is called lithium (lithium-ion) batteries. These types of batteries have wide applications in various fields. In the near future, it is predicted that the use of these technologies for energy storage in vehicles and renewable energy sources will significantly increase the consumption of lithium batteries.With the advancement of scientific level and continuous progress of human society, mobile phones, computers, electric vehicles have become daily necessities, and the problems of energy reduction and environmental pollution are becoming more and more prominent. Considering the shortage of natural resources for the production of lithium and other important elements that make up batteries, the issue of recovering the elements used in batteries and recycling used batteries is very important. Generally, conventional methods for recycling lithium batteries include two types: physical and chemical. In this study, chemical methods including hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes have been investigated. By studying reliable articles and sources, an attempt has been made to analyze the recycling and recovery processes of lithium batteries in addition to introducing the types of batteries.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Recycling

lithium-ion battery

hydrometallurgy

pyrometallurgy

spent lithium-ion battery

مراجع

[1] U. Saleem, B. Joshi, and S. Bandyopadhyay, “Hydrometallurgical routes to close the loop of electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries value chain: A review,” Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 950-971, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-023-00718-w

[2] C. Vincent and B. Scrosati, Modern Batteries. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, 1997.

[3] X. Zeng, J. Li, and N. Singh, “Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: A critical review,” Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 1129–1165, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2013.763578

[4] E. Asadi Dalini, G. Karimi, S. Zandevakili, and M. Goodarzi, “A review on environmental, economic and hydrometallurgical processes of recycling spent lithium-ion batteries,” Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1–22, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2020.1781628

[5] S. Krueger et al., “How do reactions at the anode/electrolyte interface determine the cathode performance in lithium-ion batteries?,” Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 160, no. 6, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.022304jes

[6] A. Poullikkas, “A comparative overview of large-scale battery systems for electricity storage,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 27, pp. 778–788, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.017

[7] Y. Mekonnen, A. Sundararajan, and A. I. Sarwat, “A review of cathode and anode materials for lithium-ion batteries,” in Proceeding IEEE SoutheastCon 2016, 2016, pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/SECON.2016.7506639

[8] D. Deng, “Lithium-ion batteries: Basics, progress, and challenges,” Energy Science & Engineering, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 385–418, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.95

[9] R. Van Noorden, “A better battery,” Nature, vol. 507, no. 7490, p. 26, 2014.

[10] J. Kang, G. Senanayake, J. Sohn, and S. M. Shin, “Recovery of cobalt sulfate from spent lithium-ion batteries by reductive leaching and solvent extraction with Cyanex 272,” Hydrometallurgy, vol. 100, no. 3–4, pp. 168–171, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2009.10.010

[11] A. A. Nayl, M. M. Hamed, and S. E. Rizk, “Selective extraction and separation of metal values from leach liquor of mixed spent Li-ion batteries,” Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, vol. 55, pp. 119–125, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.04.006

[12] Y. Kikuchi et al., “Separation of cathode particles and aluminum current foil in lithium-ion battery by high-voltage pulsed discharge,” Waste Management, vol. 132, pp. 86–95, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.07.016

[13] Y. Yao et al., “Hydrometallurgical processes for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries: A critical review,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, vol. 6, no. 10, pp. 13611–13627, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03545

[14] J. Li, C. Daniel, and D. Wood, “Materials processing for lithium-ion batteries,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 196, no. 5, pp. 2452–2460, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.001

[15] T. Yang et al., “Enabling future closed-loop recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: Direct cathode regeneration,” Advanced Materials, vol. 35, no. 36, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202203218

[16] A. Chagnes and J. Swiatowska, Eds., Lithium Process Chemistry: Resources, Extraction, Batteries, and Recycling. Elsevier, 2015.

[17] S. S. Hosseiny and M. Wessling, “Ion exchange membranes for vanadium redox flow batteries,” in Advanced Membrane Science and Technology for Sustainable Energy and Environmental Applications, pp. 413–434, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857093790.4.413

[18] P. G. Schiavi et al., “Aqueous electrochemical delithiation of cathode materials as a strategy to selectively recover lithium from waste lithium-ion batteries,” Journal of Energy Chemistry, vol. 88, pp. 144–153, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2023.09.040

[19] G. Q. Yu et al., “Efficiently regenerating spent lithium battery graphite anode materials through heat treatment processes for impurity dissipation and crystal structure repair,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 199, p. 107267, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107267

[20] L. Zhang et al., “Lithium recovery from effluent of spent lithium battery recycling process using solvent extraction,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, p. 122840, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122840

[21] B. Scrosati and J. Garche, “Lithium batteries: Status, prospects and future,” Journal of Power Sources, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.11.048

[22] Q. Zhao et al., “Recovery and regeneration of spent lithium-ion batteries from new energy vehicles,” Frontiers in Chemistry, vol. 8, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.00807

[23] O. I. M. Khanmohammadi, A. Ilkhchi, and F. Rad, “A review on recycling lithium-ion batteries by hydrometallurgical methods,” Metallurgical Engineering, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 260–272, 2016. (in Persian)

[24] N. Peeters, K. Binnemans, and S. Riaño, “Cathode material recovery by combining solvoleaching and separation processes,” Green Chemistry, no. 7, pp. 2839–2852, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1gc03776e

[25] C. Padwal et al., “Deep eutectic solvents: Green approach for cathode recycling of Li-ion batteries,” Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research, vol. 3, no. 1, p.2100133, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/aesr.202100133

[26] M. Wang et al., “Efficient separation of aluminum foil and cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries using a low-temperature molten salt,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 8287–8294, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b06694

[27] Y. Zhang et al., “One-step selective separation and efficient recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium batteries by phosphoric acid-based deep eutectic solvent,” Green Chemical Engineering, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 390–398, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gce.2023.10.002

[28] M. Mohajeri et al., “Electrochemical simulation of solid-state lithium-ion batteries,” in Proceedings of the 1st National Conference on Lithium Batteries, 2021. (in Persian)

[29] M. A. H. Shuva and A. Kurny, “Hydrometallurgical recovery of value metals from spent lithium-ion batteries,” American Journal of Materials Engineering and Technology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 8–12, 2013. https://doi.org/10.12691/materials-1-1-2

[30] L. Sun and K. Qiu, “Vacuum pyrolysis and hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 194, pp. 378–384, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.114

[31] G. Shi et al., “A comprehensive review of full recycling and utilization of cathode, anode, and electrolyte from spent lithium-ion batteries,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 72, p. 108486, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.108486

[32] J. H. Shim, “Recycling cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries,” Frontiers in Battery and Energy Technologies, vol. 4, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbael.2024.1397122

[33] M. Pagliaro and F. Meneguzzo, “Lithium battery reusing and recycling: A circular economy insight,” Heliyon, vol. 5, no. 6, p. e01866, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01866

[34] K. Davis and G. P. Demopoulos, “Hydrometallurgical recycling technologies for NMC Li-ion battery cathodes: Current industrial practice and new R&D trends,” RSC Sustainability, vol. 1, no. 8, pp. 1932–1951, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3su00142c

[35] M. H. Novaes et al., “Recovering the cathode material adhered to the collector and separator of spent lithium-ion batteries,” Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, vol. 44, p. e47835, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0375.2023.v44.47835

[36] P. Meshram, B. D. Pandey, and T. R. Mankhand, “Extraction of lithium from primary and secondary sources by pre-treatment, leaching and separation,” Hydrometallurgy, vol. 150, pp. 192–208, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.10.012

[37] D. Dutta et al., “Close-loop separation process for the recovery of Co, Cu, Mn, Fe and Li from spent lithium-ion batteries,” Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 200, pp. 327–334, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.02.022

[38] T. Yingnakorn et al., “Direct re-lithiation strategy for spent lithium iron phosphate batteries,” RSC Sustainability, vol. 1, no. 9, pp. 2341–2349, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3su00237c

[39] Q. Lei et al., “Recycling of spent LiNixCoyMn1−x−yO₂ batteries by glucose reduction–acid leaching,” Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol. 180, pp. 1094–1103, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2023.11.006

[40] X. Chen et al., “Hydrometallurgical recovery of metal values from sulfuric acid leaching liquor,” Waste Management, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 349–356, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2014.12.023

[41] L. Chen et al., “Engineering a tandem leaching system for selective recycling of valuable metals,” Green Chemistry, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 2177–2184, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0gc03820b

[42] J. T. Warner, The Handbook of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Design: Chemistry, Components, Types, and Terminology. Elsevier, 2024.

[43] Z. Dobó, T. Dinh, and T. Kulcsár, “A review on recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries,” Energy Reports, vol. 9, pp. 6362–6395, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.05.264

[44] J. R. Szczech and S. Jin, “Nanostructured silicon for high-capacity lithium battery anodes,” Energy & Environmental Science, pp. 56–72, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0ee00281j

[45] A. Babrzadeh, R. Riahifar, B. Raeisi, and M. Ghorbanzaedh, “Synthesis and characterization of LiNi₀.₅Co₀.₂Mn₀.₃O₂ as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries and investigating the effect of calcination temperature on electrochemical performance of cathode,” Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 67–76, 2020. https://doi.org/10.30501/jamt.2020.105770

[46] Z. Liu et al., “Life cycle assessment of hydrometallurgical recycling for cathode active materials,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 580, p. 233345, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233345

[47] F. Peng et al., “Impurity removal and recycling of transition metals from spent lithium-ion batteries,” RSC Advances, vol. 9, no. 38, pp. 21922–21930, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra02331c

[48] T. Hanada and M. Goto, “Cathode recycling of lithium-ion batteries based on reusable hydrophobic eutectic solvents,” Green Chemistry, vol. 24, no. 13, pp. 5107–5115, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1gc04846e

[49] Z. Hu et al., “Efficient separation of aluminum foil from mixed-type spent lithium-ion power batteries,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 298, p. 113500, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113500

[50] Y. Zhang et al., “High-selectivity recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using recyclable deep eutectic solvents,” ChemSusChem, vol. 17, no. 9, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202301774

[51] X. Huang, “Separator technologies for lithium-ion batteries,” Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 649–662, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-010-1264-9

[52] L. Talens Peiró, G. Villalba Méndez, and R. U. Ayres, “Lithium: Sources, production, uses, and recovery outlook,” JOM, vol. 65, no. 8, pp. 986–996, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-013-0666-4

[53] F. Meng et al., “Review of lithium production and recovery from minerals, brines, and lithium-ion batteries,” Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 411–437, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827508.2019.1668387

[54] W. Yu et al., “A review on comprehensive recycling of spent power lithium-ion batteries in China,” eTransportation, vol. 11, p. 100155, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2022.100155

[55] A. Karati et al., “Materials recovery from NMC batteries with water as the sole solvent,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 366, p. 121710, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121710

[56] G. Qu et al., “Mechanism for metal loss in smelting of recycled spent lithium-ion batteries,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 349, p. 119438, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119438

[57] C. Liang, Recycling of Spent Batteries. Springer, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31834-5

[58] Z. Cun et al., “Stepwise recovery of critical metals from spent NCM lithium-ion batteries,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 202, p. 107390, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107390

[59] E. Asadi Dalini, G. Karimi, and S. Zandevakili, “Optimization of acidic leaching parameters for valuable metals from lithium battery waste,” Journal of Mineral Resources Engineering, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 127–145, 2020. https://doi.org/10.30479/jmre.2020.11943.1329

[60] J. C. Jung, P. Sui, and J. Zhang, “A review of recycling spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials using hydrometallurgical treatments,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 35, p. 102217, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.102217

[61] “How does the recycling of a battery work? https://www.flashbattery.tech/en/blog/lithium-battery-recovery-recycling/, (2021)

[62] H. Bae and Y. Kim, “Technologies of lithium recycling from waste lithium-ion batteries,” Materials Advances, vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 3234–3250, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00216c

[63] Y. Chen et al., “A review of recycling status of decommissioned lithium batteries,” Frontiers in Materials, vol. 8, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2021.634667

[64] B. Swain, “Recovery and recycling of lithium: A review,” Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 172, pp. 388–403, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.08.031

[65] Y. Tang et al., “Recovery and regeneration of lithium cobalt oxide from spent lithium-ion batteries,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 474, p. 228596, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228596

[66] T. Suzuki et al., “A hydrometallurgical process for separation of aluminum, cobalt, copper and lithium,” Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 98, pp. 396–401, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2012.06.034

[67] M. Svärd et al., “Reuse of deep eutectic solvents in Li-ion battery recycling,” ChemSusChem, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202400410

[68] D. Kaiser et al., “Recovery of metals from spent LIBs after Li selective separation,” Chemie Ingenieur Technik, vol. 93, no. 11, pp. 1840–1850, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.202100101